Reports

Mining plays a crucial role in Brazil’s economy. Nonetheless, the efforts and resources devoted to regulatory quality in the sector, including the enforcement of rules, have not always been commensurate. This report identifies the gaps, barriers, implementation flaws and inefficiencies in the regulatory framework of the mining sector in Brazil. It takes stock of the recent reforms in the mining sector in Brazil, identifies areas that pose the greatest challenges for effective regulation in mining. It also describes the reforms that created the National Mining Agency of Brazil, its governance arrangements and its current regulatory practices. These are assessed against OECD principles in regulatory policy and mining regulation, as well as against country experiences from Australia, Chile, and Mexico. Finally, recommendations are provided to support further reform efforts.

Reliable and high-quality connectivity is fundamental for the digital transformation. Furthermore, the COVID-19 health emergency has shown that access to high-quality broadband services at affordable prices, across different territories is essential to ensure that economic and social activities can continue in an increasingly remote manner. However, important disparities in terms of connectivity persist in G20 countries and especially within countries between different types of regions. Overcoming the territorial divide is essential to ensure that no region and its inhabitants are left behind, regardless of where they live. This report offers a roadmap to policy makers to reduce the digital divides experienced by people living in different places within countries. While this is a key policy goal, the reduction of regional disparities needs to be accompanied with sufficiently high levels of broadband speeds across regions for people to be able to fully benefit from the economic opportunities and services brought about by digitalization.

Connectivity is an essential pillar of ensuring an inclusive digital transformation. The COVID-19 health emergency has further accentuated the awareness of how the quality, capability and resilience of broadband networks are becoming even more critical to ensure an inclusive society as more and more activities, such as work and education, are conducted in a remote manner. Therefore, policies aiming to expand connectivity and increase its quality are of paramount importance. Furthermore, analysing the performance of networks is crucial to inform policy makers and regulators to identify quality gaps and design the right policies and regulation towards closing those gaps. This report focuses on the state of broadband speed quality across the G20 and how to upgrade the speeds of networks further to spur economic recovery. It identifies existing gaps and puts forward policies and regulation towards extending high-quality networks and upgrading the quality of networks.

The pace and scope of innovation are challenging the way governments regulate. Existing regulatory frameworks might not be agile enough to accommodate the fast pace of technological development and, as a consequence, rules might become outdated. Beyond this pacing problem, technological innovation also blurs the traditional definition of markets, challenges enforcement and transcends administrative boundaries domestically and internationally. This report, which results from a joint project between the OECD and the Korea Development Institute, presents a set of case studies illustrating the different regulatory challenges raised by emerging technologies and the diversity of regulatory responses used to address them. The case studies cover data-driven business models, digital innovation in finance, smart contracts relying on distributed ledger technologies, digital technologies for smart logistics, and the sharing economy.

Gender-based violence affects many aspects of survivors' and victims' lives, including access to education, employment, housing, health care, legal support, and physical and mental health services. While many governments have enacted policies and programmes to eradicate gender-based violence and address its intersectional impacts, strategic planning, policy co-ordination, and long-term investment in services has often been uneven. This publication explores how countries can strengthen public governance systems, respond to the needs and experiences of survivors/victims, and improve access to justice and accountability to effectively address gender-based violence.

En Tunisie, les jeunes de moins de 30 ans constituent 48 % de la population. Ils ont un rôle important dans le développement économique, social et politique du pays, mais font face à des défis importants dans leur transition vers l'autonomie et l’âge adulte. Les conséquences socio-économiques du COVID-19 ont encore exacerbé les défis auxquels ils sont confrontés, et ont mis en avant l’importance de promouvoir leur participation à la prise de décision publique. Cette revue présente une analyse des dispositifs de gouvernance des politiques publiques à destination de la jeunesse en Tunisie, en mettant l'accent sur cinq domaines : 1) un cadre légal et règlementaire adapté aux jeunes, 2) l’adoption d’une approche gouvernementale intégrée dans l’élaboration des politiques publiques de la jeunesse, 3) l’optimisation des capacités institutionnelles du ministère de la Jeunesse, 4) l’inclusion d’une « dimension » jeunesse dans la formulation des politiques publiques, et 5) la promotion de la participation et de la représentation des jeunes dans la vie publique.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for high-quality data and evidence to address complex policy challenges. This report takes stock of the capacity for evidence-informed decision making (EIDM) and policy evaluation at the centre of government in Lithuania. Like many other OECD countries, Lithuania faces challenges in supplying quality evidence and ensuring that it is used for decision making. In light of recent reforms, the report analyses gaps in the EIDM system and offers a set of comprehensive recommendations to address them in the short, medium and long terms. It also discusses how the newly created Strategic Analysis Centre could champion evidence-informed decision making in Lithuania.

La législation et la réglementation régissent la vie quotidienne des entreprises et des citoyens, et sont des outils essentiels de l’action publique. La pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en évidence le rôle crucial que joue la réglementation dans l’économie et la société, tout en révélant, dans l’activité normative conduite aux niveaux national et international, des lacunes qui ont coûté des vies et de l’argent. La publication Politique de la réglementation : Perspectives de l’OCDE 2021, troisième édition de cette série thématique, dresse une cartographie des efforts déployés par les pays pour améliorer la qualité de la réglementation conformément à la Recommandation de l’OCDE de 2012 concernant la politique et la gouvernance réglementaires, et diffuse des bonnes pratiques dans le domaine de la réglementation grâce auxquelles il peut s’avérer plus facile de combler ces lacunes. Elle apporte des éclairages sans équivalent sur les approches des pays en matière d’élaboration, d’application et de révision de la réglementation, et comporte des recommandations visant à optimiser le ciblage des efforts nationaux pour faire en sorte que la législation et la réglementation produisent les effets escomptés. Enfin, certaines approches souples et innovantes de l’activité normative, comme le « bac à sable » réglementaire, les éclairages comportementaux, et la réglementation fondée sur les résultats, axée sur les données ou fondée sur les risques, sont abordées dans cette édition.

Governments are created and run by humans, who can experience the same behavioural biases and barriers as individuals in society. Therefore, it makes sense to explore how behavioural insights (BI) can be applied to the governance of regulatory policy making, and not just to the design of regulations themselves. Applying BI can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the decision-making process, which can, in turn, help improve regulatory decisions. This paper maps the ways in which barriers and biases can affect the institutions, processes and tools of regulatory governance, with a focus on regulatory oversight bodies and regulatory management tools. It concludes with practical ways governments can translate these findings into research and reforms that can help future-proof regulatory policy making and ensure it is agile, responsive and fit for tackling important and complex policy challenges.