Publications


  • 28-January-2013

    English

    Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels 2013

    This Inventory is concerned with direct budgetary transfers and tax expenditures that relate to fossil fuels, regardless of their impact or of the purpose for which the measures were first put in place. It has been undertaken as an exercise in transparency, and to inform the international dialogue on fossil-fuel subsidy reform. For each of the 34 OECD countries covered, the Inventory provides a succinct summary of its energy economy, and of the budgetary and tax-related measures provided at the central-government level (and, in the case of federal countries, for selected sub-national units of government) relating to fossil-fuel production or consumption. The transfers associated with these measures are reported for recent years using the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) and Consumer Support Estimate (CSE) as organising frameworks. These frameworks have already been used extensively by the OECD, most notably in respect of agriculture. The Inventory covers a wide range of measures that provide a benefit or preference for a particular activity or a particular product, either in absolute terms or relative to other activities or products, against a specified baseline. Many measures listed in this inventory are relative preferences within a particular country’s tax system rather than absolute support that can be readily compared across countries, and for that reason no national totals are provided.
  • 9-janvier-2013

    Français

    Redressement des pêches - Le cap à suivre

    Partout dans le monde, de nombreuses zones sont affectées par la surpêche,  une faible productivité et une rentabilité insuffisante. Les redresser entraînerait pourtant des avantages considérables. Ce rapport analyse les défis et les grandes questions auxquels doivent faire face les gouvernements lorsqu'ils élaborent et mettent en œuvre des initiatives visant à redresser les pêcheries. Il porte essentiellement sur les questions économiques et institutionnelles et s'appuie sur des données provenant des pêcheries des pays de l’OCDE.
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  • 8-janvier-2013

    Français

    Ensemble pour la sécurité routière - Mise au point d'un cadre de référence international pour les fonctions de modification de l'accidentalité

    Chaque année, environ 1,3 million de personnes sont tuées et 50 autres millions de personnes sont blessées sur les routes à travers le monde. Ces accidents de la route coûtent aux pays entre 1 et 3 % de leur PIB. Bon nombre de ces accidents pourraient être évités par des interventions bien ciblées. Ce rapport aide à identifier les contre-mesures de sécurité les plus efficaces.Les décideurs ont besoin de justifier leurs dépenses sur la sécurité routière en termes d'efficacité, en concurrence pour les ressources limitées disponibles. Le risque de prendre de mauvaises décisions et le coût de la prise de meilleures décisions peuvent être réduits grâce à l'utilisation d'études fiables sur l'efficacité des mesures de sécurité, réalisées sur la base de fonctions de modification de l'accidentalité (FMA). Ce rapport montre qu'il existe une perspective de progrès significatifs et des économies importantes par le biais du transfert des résultats à l'échelle internationale, permettant l'adoption plus rapide de nouvelles mesures de sécurité.Le rapport sert de guide à la façon dont les résultats des recherches peuvent être partagées au niveau international. Il fournit une liste de contrôle pour l'examen systématique des études de sécurité routière et un cadre pour la normalisation méthodologie.
  • 31-December-2012

    English

    Structural Materials for Innovative Nuclear Systems (SMINS-2) - Workshop Proceedings, Daejon, Republic of Korea, 31 August-3 September 2010

    Materials research is a field of growing relevance for innovative nuclear systems, such as Generation IV reactors, critical and sub-critical transmutation systems and fusion devices. For these different systems, structural materials are selected or developed taking into account the pecificities of their foreseen operational environment. Since 2007, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) has begun organising a series of workshops on Structural Materials for Innovative Nuclear Systems (SMINS) in order to provide a forum to exchange information on current materials research programmes for different innovative nuclear systems. These proceedings include the papers of the second workshop (SMINS-2) which was held in Daejon, Republic of Korea on 31 August-3 September 2010, and hosted by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI).
  • 31-December-2012

    English

    Chemical Thermodynamics of Tin – Volume 12

    The Chemical Thermodynamics of Tin is based on a critical review of the thermodynamic properties of tin, its solid compounds and aqueous complexes, carried out as part of NEA Thermochemical Database Project Phase III (TDB III).  The database system developed at the OECD/NEA Data Bank ensures consistency not only within the recommended data sets of tin, but also among all the data sets published in this series.  This volume will be of particular interest to scientists carrying out performance assessments of deep geological disposal sites for radioactive waste.
  • 31-December-2012

    English

    Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Recycling of Transuranics in Fast Nuclear Reactors

    Fuel transuranics (TRU) multi-recycling is a mandatory feature if both the resource sustainability and the waste minimisation objectives for future fuel cycles are to be pursued. The resulting TRU transmutation can be implemented in fast neutron spectrum reactors according to two main options commonly referred to as the homogeneous and heterogeneous modes. In this study, the two alternatives have been compared in terms of reactor core feasibility, fuel development and impact on the fuel cycle. The multi-criteria analysis indicates that there are major challenges in minor actinide-loaded fuel development, its experimental validation and possibly in its reprocessing. Both modes of recycling have an impact on the overall fuel cycle, even if at different stages, for example complex target fabrication and handling in the case of heterogeneous recycling and full core fuel fabrication in the case of homogeneous recycling. The study finds that an economic evaluation according to specific implementation scenarios should still be undertaken. 
  • 31-December-2012

    English

    Japan's Compensation System for Nuclear Damage - As Related to the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident

    Following the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, extraordinary efforts were undertaken in Japan to implement a compensation scheme for the proper and efficient indemnification of the affected victims. This publication provides English translations of key Japanese legislative and administrative texts and other implementing guidance, as well as several commentaries by Japanese experts in the field of third party nuclear liability.The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) has prepared this publication in co-operation with the government of Japan to share Japan’s recent experience in implementing its nuclear liability and compensation regime. The material presented in the publication should provide valuable insights for those wishing to better understand the regime applied to compensate the victims of the accident and for those working on potential improvements in national regimes and the international framework for third party nuclear liability.
  • 19-December-2012

    English

    The Economics of Long-term Operation of Nuclear Power Plants

    Refurbishment and long-term operation (LTO) of existing nuclear power plants (NPPs) today are crucial to the competitiveness of the nuclear industry in OECD countries as existing nuclear power plants produce baseload power at a reliable cost. A number of nuclear power plants, most notably 73 units in the United States (up to 2012), have been granted lifetime extensions of up to 60 years, a development that is being keenly watched in other OECD countries. In many of these (e.g. France, Switzerland), there is no legal end to the operating licence, but continued operation is based on the outcomes of periodic safety reviews.This study analyses technical and economic data on the upgrade and lifetime extension experience in OECD countries. A multi-criteria assessment methodology is used considering various factors and parameters reflecting current and future financial conditions of operation, political and regulatory risks, the state of the plants’ equipment and the general role of nuclear power in the country’s energy policy.The report shows that long-term operation of nuclear power plants has significant economic advantages for most utilities envisaging LTO programmes. In most cases, the continued operation of NPPs for at least ten more years is profitable even taking into account the additional costs of post-Fukushima modifications, and remains cost-effective compared to alternative replacement sources.
  • 18-December-2012

    English

    The Supply of Medical Radioisotopes - Market Impacts of Converting to Low-enriched Uranium Targets for Medical Isotope Production

    The reliable supply of molybdenum-99 (99Mo) and its decay product, technetium-99m (99mTc), is a vital component of modern medical diagnostic practices. At present, most of the global production of 99Mo is from highly enriched uranium (HEU) targets. However, all major 99Mo-producing countries have recently agreed to convernt to using low-enriched uranium targetts for the production of 99Mo. This report describes the market impact of this conversion both in terms of costs, available capacity as well as the policy actions that are needed.
     
  • 18-December-2012

    English

    Grade Expectations - How Marks and Education Policies Shape Students' Ambitions

    While enrolment in tertiary education has increased dramatically over the past decades, many university-aged students do not enrol, nor do they expect to earn a university degree. While it is important to promote high expectations for further education, it is equally important to ensure that students’ expectations are well-aligned with their actual abilities. Grade Expectations: How Marks and Education Policies Shape Students' Ambitions reveals some of the factors that influence students’ thinking about further education. The report also suggests what teachers and education policy makers can do to ensure that more students have the skills, as well as the motivation, to succeed in higher education.
     
    In 2009, students in 21 PISA-participating countries and economies were asked about their expected educational attainment. An analysis of PISA data finds that students who expect to earn a university degree show significantly better performance in math and reading when compared to students who do not expect to earn such a university degree. However, performance is only one of the factors that determine expectations. On average across most countries and economies, girls and socio-economically advantaged students tend to hold more ambitious expectations than boys and disadvantaged students who perform just as well; and students with higher school marks are more likely to expect to earn a university degree – regardless of what those marks really measure.
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